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Non abbiamo motti fissi, alla casbah. Li scegliamo di volta in volta. L'ultima volta, comunque, la scelta è stata facile: "We do not want to publish the address of the
Internet site where this film can be seen, in order to avoid propagating corruption in society" (siasat-e rouz & agence france presse, 11.6.07)

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introduzione alle netwars

Autore: Orma


NETWARS: LETTURE
saggi

Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D., Cyberwar is coming, "Comparative Strategy", n. 2, Spring 1993

Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D., Osama bin Laden and the Advent of Netwar, "New Perspectives Quarterly", n. 4, Fall 2001

Toffler A., Toffler F., The new Intangibles, Rand, Santa Monica, Ca. 1997

articoli

Internet Jihad: A world wide web of terror, "The Economist", July 12, 2007

Azimi N., Hard Realities of Soft Power, "The New York Times", June 14, 2007

Memarian O., YouTube, The  Battle of Technology vs. Censorship, "The Huffington Post", June 6, 2007

Akbar Dareini A., Iran blocks access to YouTube, "Usa Today", May 12, 2007
Naím M., The YouTube Effect, "Foreign Policy", January-February 2007




Da: Toffler A., Toffler F., The new Intangibles, in Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D, In Athena’s Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age, Rand, Santa Monica, 1997: xiii-xxiv.

The way any society engages in conflict reflects the way it does a lot of other things – especially the way its economy is organized. And just as the industrial revolution industrialized warfare, and mass production led to mass destruction, with Clausewitz as the theoretical genius of the era, so today the entire society is going beyond the industrial age – and taking military with it. This turns out to be a revolutionary moment in the fullest meaning of that much over-worked word.

A true revolution occurs when the entire structure of a society changes, not hust when the palace and the local television station are captured by "coup plotters". In a real revolution, civil institutions fall into crisis. Family and role structures change. Others change shake the culture and the value system. Technological breaktroughs (or breakdowns) create an economic upheaval. Taken together, all these produce something far more profound than "revolution" in the customarily narrow sense of the word. (xiii).


Da: Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D., Cyberwar is coming, "Comparative Strategy", Vol 12, N. 2, Spring 1993: 141–165

The information revolution reflects the advance of computerized information and communications technologies and related innovations in organization and management theory.  Sea changes are occurring in how information is collected, stored, processed, communicated and presented, and in how organizations are designed to take advantage of increased information. Information is becoming a strategic resource that may prove as valuable and influential in the post-industrial era as capital and labor have been in the industrial age.

 (...)

The information revolution, in both its technological and non-technological aspects, sets in motion forces that challenge the design of many institutions.  It disrupts and erodes the hierarchies around which institutions are normally designed.  It diffuses and redistributes power, often to the benefit of what may be considered weaker, smaller actors.  It crosses borders and redraws the boundaries of offices and responsibilities.  It expands the spatial and temporal horizons that actors should take into account.

(...)

the information revolution will cause shifts both in how societies may come into conflict, and how their armed forces may wage war.  We offer a distinction between what we call “netwar”—societal-level ideational conflicts waged in part through internetted modes of communication—and “cyberwar” at the military level.

(...)

Netwar refers to information-related conflict at a grand level between nations or societies.  It means trying to disrupt, damage, or modify what a target population “knows” or thinks it knows about itself and the world around it.  A netwar may focus on public or elite opinion, or both.  It may involve public diplomacy measures, propaganda and psychological campaigns, political and cultural subversion, deception of or interference with local media, infiltration of computer networks and databases, and efforts to promote a dissident or opposition movements across computer net- works.




Da: ARQUILLA, J., RONFELDT, D., Osama bin Laden and The Advent of the Netwar, «New Perspectives Quarterly», vol. 18, 4, Fall 2001.

Netwar has two faces, like the Roman god Janus. Janus was the god of doors and gates, and thus of departures and returns, and new beginnings and initiatives. This, in a sense, meant he was the god of communications, too. His double face, one old and looking back, the other younger and peering forward, conveyed that he was an inherently dual god. At the beginning of creation, he partook in the separation of order from chaos. In Roman times, he was identified with the distinction between war and peace, for the gate to his temple at the Forum was kept ceremoniously closed in times of peace and open in times of war-which meant the gates were rarely closed. At the start of the 21st century, the world is again at a new beginning. It is uncertain whether it will be an era of peace or conflict; but how matters turn out will depend to some degree on which face of netwar predominates.

(...)

The duality of netwar in the real world-dark-side criminals and terrorists on the one hand, but enlightening civil society forces on the other, is mirrored in the virtual world of cyberspace, which is increasingly utilized for crime and terror, along with social activism.

(...)

Activists will become more adept at integrating the mobilizing force of the Internet with the power and appeal of messages aimed at spreading and protecting human rights. Even so, criminal and terrorist organizations will learn how to manipulate the infosphere with increasing skill.


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